Dr.Ashok Kumar Panigrahi asked:
Rejuvenation of mangroves upon Balasore Seashore as a step towards Disaster Management.
Dr . Ashok K . Panigrahi1, Mrs . Mishra2, Sri H.S . Behera3, Sri Bhanu Giri4 & Sri P.K.Giri5
Concept Paper: Immediately after a Orissa Super Charge of 1999, internationally conjectural environmentalist Dr Vandana Shiva as well as a late Banka Bihari Das invited inhabitant as well as general environmentalists as well as thinkers in to a assembly hold during Bhubaneswar upon twenty-six Jan 2000 to consider a incident as well as rise a endless as well as in effect indication that can forestall destiny vast scale destructions of lives as well as properties of a coastal communities from sea borne disasters outset from a violent Bay of Bengal identified as a second many dangerous sea of a universe after a Gulf of Mexico . A author1 being an invitee to that assembly presented a judgment for a coastal district Balasore, that was subsequently published by a RFSTE, Brand new Delhi, in a book, “Perspectives of Environment, an Analytical Study.”
Years after that Dr.Vandana Shiva organised supports for a authors to exercise a judgment upon a Balasore Seashore . A authors, however, anticipating a unpractical site during a Balaramgadi Bay mislaid to a Tsunami of 2004 motionless to exercise a same during a Sartha Bay, additionally upon Balasore Seashore . Today there exist a estimable thoroughness of loyal mangrove farrago comprising of a sum of about 2 lakh plants of twenty-two class in an area about 50 hectares of coastal sand flats during a Sartha Bay upon Balasore Seashore . A site additionally creates a perspectives of a destiny investigate, preparation as well as ecotourism site . Upon top of, a plants do have well well known blurb as well as medicinal usages as well as that approach it will great a internal village in some-more ways.
HYPOTHESIS
A coastal evergreen farrago formed mangrove timberland consisting of trees upon an area of 50 hectares of estuarine sand flats any where might be perused as a estimable thoroughness that in time as well as space as well as tellurian caring is certain to benefit in distance so as to effectively strengthen a internal communities from sea borne disasters similar to pleasant charge locally as well as opposite a impacts tellurian warming zodiacally . Mangroves being ever immature as well as vast leaved, soak up vast volume of CO dioxide, a principal immature residence gas.
A pleasant charge is characterized by origination of a low vigour upon a sea aspect that produces clever winds as well as flooding sleet . It feeds upon feverishness expelled by a condensing wet air . A implicit feverishness gets converted in to kinetic appetite that, in tenure, formula in a prolongation of clever winds from a comfortable centre . These storms occurring in a northern hemisphere have opposite time correct rotations as well as a southern hemisphere, time correct rotations, since they have been form over a comfortable seas, they remove their strength once they pierce upon to a land . Nonetheless they have been harmful in their simple inlet they, however, assistance in a glob al dissemination of air resource . They lift feverishness as well as appetite from a tropics to a poles . A small of these take a larger dimension ensuing in large devastations depending upon a area of their arrangement upon a comfortable sea aspect . This is so when storms have been aided by healthy factors as waves levels as well as tellurian factors as mangrove destructions . Mangroves have been well well known to brief as well as delayed down a ferocity of a sea charge surges as well as revoke a call actions that attend with these storms .
DISCUSSION
Before 2006 a pronounced sand prosaic during a Sartha Bay was usually a green hills . A diagonally opposite land was rarely degraded as well as was being increasingly scorched by a sea . A drop was so large that a couple of petrify –mortar- petrify buildings, housing an ice bureau, a couple of shops as well as a doctor’s cover were unconditionally or to a small extent shop-worn causing their owners to desert them as well as thereby catch outrageous monetary waste . Even a fishing boat landing underneath office building a whole was additionally shop-worn as well as deserted . A authors carrying visited a site interacted with a internal village as well as motionless to exercise a plan with their assistance radically to weigh either camp of mangroves unequivocally detain a coastal degradations . There existed a couple of mangroves, here as well as there during a site, rarely shop-worn, being browsed by thousands of done during home animals as well as plundered by a timber cutters . A sum of about twenty trees belonging to a class Avicennia offcinalis 10 trees of Avicennia alba, a single tree of Sonneratia alba a single tree of Sonneratia apetala done up a sum mangroves that existed in a Sartha Bay during a time of doing of a project.
MATERIAL-METHOD
After clever investigate it was motionless to plant farrago formed mangrove varieties carrying stilt base, strut base, as well as pneumatophores belonging to a genera Avicennia, Sonneratia, Aegiceras, Rhizophora, Kandelia, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Xylocarpus, Phoenix, Excoecaria, Thespesia, Pongamia as well as Acanthus upon top of a already existent plant varieties as well as a skinny rare Porteresia.
Accordingly seeds/ propagules/ hypocotyles/rhizomes were picked up from opposite sites distant as well as nearby as well as a same were without delay planted upon a sand prosaic during as well as after a rains of 2006 & 2007..We were, however, suggested to go for hothouse for all a varieties as well as afterwards medical operation a same as per a following schedule.
1 . Might – June Ceriops, Kandelia, Thespesia as well as Aegiceras etc.
2 . Jun – Jul Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Kandelia, Ceriops, Xylocarpus, Aegialitis as well as Excoecaria.
3 . Jul – Aug Excoecaria, Sonneratia as well as Phoenix
4 . September- October Avicennia, Thespesia, Pongamia as well as Sonneratia
OBSERVATION AND RESULT
Owing to scarcity of time in a initial year of a plan you motionless to plant a picked up hypocotyls as well as seeds without delay opposite a recommendation since to us . Fortunately, however, there was no misadventure solely for a beetle-pest conflict that was managed by a single mist of a insecticide A routine was steady a subsequent year, when a brand new classification, Aegialities was enclosed . A complete camp area of about 50 hectares was put underneath blockade, by privately woven nylon net of 5 feet breadth upheld by palm done nylon wire as well as spark connect embellished 7 feet tall bamboo poles . Enough recognition in a post was additionally combined in foster of rejuvenation of a mangroves during a bay . Hothouse was undertaken usually for Thespesia as well as Pongamia . You did not commence hothouse activities for Avicennia as suggested rsther than elite approach camp of a seeds . Class correct camp of seed/ propagules/hypocotyls during a site were as follows-
Sl No. Species Name Hypocotyle
Gen . Characters Native Name No of seeds/ propagules/
Hypocotyles/Rhizome
1. Kandelia candel 40 cm prolonged hypocotyles Sinduka 39, 100
2. Rhizophora stylosa Hypocotyls well-spoken not surpassing thirty cm Rai 20
3. Rhizophora apiculata Hypocotyls slender
50 cm long Rai 4, 400
4. Rhizophora mucronata Hypocotyles slender
75 cm long Rai 750
5. Bruguiera gymnorhiza 18-25 cm prolonged ridged Bandari 7, 750
6. Bruguiera sexangula Hypocotyles stocky
10 cm long Bandari 1, 150
7. Bruguiera cylindrica 16 cm prolonged hypocotyles Kaliachua 12, 850
8 Ceriops decandra Sharply ridged twelve cm prolonged hypocotyles Garani 13, 500
9. Aegiceras corniculatum 5-8 cm prolonged hypocotyles Kharsi 10, 300
10. Xylocarpus granatum 4 lobed fruits with dia . twenty-five cm Sisumar 4, 050
11. Sonneratia alba Calyx 6 lobed, ribbed, petals white, kaleidoscopic red, leaves have been ovate. Orua 550
12. Sonneratia apetala Calyx 4 lobed, tarnish fungus shaped Kerua 150
13. Aegialitis rotundifolia Hypocotyles 7 cm prolonged, salty toleration high Banarua 42, 000
14. Avicennia alba Seeds conical during top Kalabani 3, 000
15. Avicennia officinalis Seeds almond shaped Dhalabani 11, 000
16. Avicennia marina Seeds squarish to rounded Singhalabani 2, 000
17. Excoecaria agallocha Exudes white latex upon damage ripened offspring 3 lobed schizocarp Guan 50
18. Thespesia populnea Leaves deeply chordate flowering plant of 2 colors, fruits multi seeded Habali 8, 000
19. Pongamia pinnata Leaves evergreen, ovate, fruits flattened Karanj 6, 000
20. Phoenix paludosa Leaves similar to date palm though not troublesome, fruits tiny, branch annular Hental twenty* ( did not tarry)
21. Cynometra iripa Fruits bear a parallel beak Singada thirty *( did not origin)
22. Acanthus ilicifolius Gregarious plant up to
2 m . tall, bluish white flowering plant, leaves prickly margined Harkanch 4, 000( a single thousand survived)
23 Porteresia coractata Grass similar to, leaves spiked, domain spinulose serrate Dhanidhan Millions have renewed in a complete area.
Total no of seeds/propagule/hypocotyles/rhizomes survived to origin as well as grow in a camp area totals to 1, 67, 620 . In further to this many seeds/hypocotyles of Avicennia as well as Rhizophora class that cleared in to a camp area secure as well as survived . Similarly utterly a couple of numbers of seedlings( not surpassing 5000) were cleared out of a camp area by 4 large as well as unbroken floods accompanied by cleared out floating weeds as well as alternative plain materials . A small hypocotyles generally those of Bruguiera gymnorhiza as well as Bruguiera sexangula picked up as cleared in materials upon a seashore distant as well as nearby after a eastward winds were additionally planted, though a couple of of these( about a hundred or so) unsuccessful to germinate.
Different Eco-climatic parameters as observed
i . Month correct Salinity( in ppt .) Parameters of H2O in a camp area.
Zero to 5 during a stormy months of July-August as well as Sep( 3 months),
6 to twenty during a post monsoon as well as winter months of Oct to Jan( 4 months)
21 to 36( limit) during a late winter as well as summer months of Feb to Jun( 5 months)
Tidal intrusion( in inches) parameter as available in a core of a camp site,
according to a lunar monthly calendar( starting with day 8th following a full moon night) .
Zero in. -> 1 foot->1’5”->2’->2’5”->2’8”->3’->3’5”( moon reduction night) ->3’8”->4’->4’5”->4’5”->
4’->3’->2’8”->2’->1’->10 inches->1 foot->1’5”->1’8”->2’->2’8”( full moon night) ->3’->3’5”->
3’5”->3’->2’5”-1 foot->10 inches->5 inches( 8th . Day following a subsequent full moon night) .
There start dual sorts of tides, Tall or Spring waves upon a day following a full moon or moonless
nights as well as Neap waves around a second half of a lunar cycles . Watches can be practiced to a timing of
the tall waves, that is during 6 A.M . as well as 6 P.M . Following a tall waves, a tidal incursions progressively get
delayed by a single hour each following day until a neap waves as well as afterwards accelerate during a same rate.
Experience gained from plantation
All mangroves seeds/ propagules/hypocotyles/rhizomes planted in area with sand thickness
exceeding 3 feet grew fast . Kandelia candel hypocotyles planted in such area grew to a
height of over 4 feet, grown stilt roots as well as proposed flowering just after a single year of
plantation . Rhizophora sp . grown stilt base after a single as well as half year of camp of the
hypocotyles . Hypocotyles planted in areas where sand density was reduction than a single feet had
stunted expansion . Rhizomes of Phoenix did not tarry as well as seeds of Cynometra did not germinate
may be since of tall salinity( 36 ppt) during a time of camp . Plantations were often undertaken
during lessen waves that sundry in time as well as generation in suitability with a lunar cycles as well as season.
Species correct plant expansion( in m) as available in a camp site in Mar, 2008
Maximum expansion was completed by Excoecaria agallocha( 78”), followed by Kandelia candel as well as Sonneratia alba( both 55”), Avicennia officinalis, A . alba as well as Acanthus ilicifolius( all 40”), S . apetala,
Rhizophora mucronata as well as R . apiculata( all 32-33 inches), Xylocarpus granatum as well as Aegiceras corniculatum( both 22”), Derris indica as well as Thespesia populnea( 18&17 inches respectively) .Others such as Bruguiera sps.are all around 14/15 inches . A plants who have completed a slightest expansion embody Ceriops decandra as well as Aegialitis rotundifolia, both carrying achieved heights reduction than 6 inches even after a single year of camp . Of march, a density of sand during a site has been identified as a vital cause conversion plant expansion . From between a opposite class, Kandelia candel( during thick sand area) flowered just a single year after, nonetheless no fruiting occurred by that flowering.
Note: Camp during a site was instituted after a rains( Sep) in 2006 with often Kandelia candel as well as a couple of hundred Rhizophora apiculata . All others were planted in a subsequent rains of 2007.
Economic significance of plants existent as well as planted in a estuary-
1 . Tannin for coloring of fishing nets to raise their lives- Bruguiera, Ceriops,
Sonneratia( apetala as well as alba) .
2 . Tannin for tanned hide industries- Rhizophora, Bruguiera as well as Ceriops.
3 . Wire creation as well as thatched residence building- Phoenix.
4 . Residence office building as well as seat making- Bruguiera, Avicennia, Xylocarpus
granatum.
5 . Fencing- Phoenix, Excoecaria as well as Ceriops( timber as well as stems) .
6 . Fodder- Leaves of Avicennia as well as Porteresia coarctata.
7 . Agricultureral equipments- Bruguiera, Avicennia as well as Ceriops wood.
8 . Spread of race of Fish, Shrimp as well as Crab- Almost all mangrove specifically
plants similar to Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Avicennia have been specific since of their
intricate base systems.
9 . Sugarine as well as beeswax collection- Almost all mangroves though privately Aegiceras
corniculatum; Bhittarakanika timberland multiplication furnish about 50 quintals of pure
natural sugarine as well as an next to volume of beeswax annually.
10 . Food- Rice picked up from Porteresia is a tack food of many of a internal tribal
and a small non-tribal communities.
11 . Sea innate disasters – Generally a timber of mangrove plants have been utterly very
tough to mangle . In further, a formidable perplexing as well as adaptive mangroves base system
prevent them from removing uprooted in a face of sea innate disasters similar to charge and
hurricanes . Role of mangroves in saving coastal lives as well as skill has been well
established during a final Orissa Super Charge during Bhitar Kanika as well as during Tsunami,
at Nagapattinam as well as Car Nicober.
PHYTO-THERAPEUTIC USAGES OF MANGROVES FOR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Through endless studies upon a healing usages of mangroves it has identified that a sum of 28
mangal class belonging to nineteen family groups as well as twenty-seven genera can be used effectively in a diagnosis 22
different tellurian ailments as well as a same is being followed by a internal inhabitants in as well as around the
Bhitarkanika Inhabitant Park . Those of a mangroves of Sartha Bay is since below.
Sl.
No. Species Name Local Name Plant Nature Mode of Administration
1. Kandelia candel Sinduka Tree 2 gm . bellow pulp+ 1 ml . zinger remove taken orally after cooking revoke red blood vigour in fifteen days .
2. Rhizophora mucronata Rai Tree 1.Freshly picked up pneumatophore pulp check draining immediately.
2 . Bellow fully cooked in H2O is used in jergling in box bruise throat.
3. Bruguiera cylindrica Kaliachua Tree 1 . Root mush is administered 2 times each day after dishes relieves constipation.
2 . Bellow pulp is used to provide burns.
4. Ceriops decandra Garani Tree Bark mush is outwardly practical to stop bleeding.
5. Xylocarpus granatum Sisumar Tree The seed oil remove is a really great butterfly repellant as well as is in effect in a treating insect bites.
6. Aegialitis rotundifolia Banarua Tree 1 . Its flowering plant have been an critical source of honey.
2 . A latex is used in box of toothache
3 . A ripened offspring pulp taken orally prior to cooking enlarge appetite.
7. Avicennia alba Kalabani Tree The bellow pulp is practical outwardly to detain draining as well as in treating uninformed wounds.
8. Avicennia officinalis Dhalabani Tree 1 . Upon developed seed pulp is used to conceal boils.
2 . root pulp is practical outwardly in a diagnosis of uninformed corner pain.
3 . 5 to 6 tender leaves chewed orally followed by money coming in of a crater of half hearted H2O relieves indigestion as well as constipation.
9. Excoecaria agallocha Guan Tree 1 . Base pulp is practical outwardly upon inflammations
2 . Root harassment is used in a diagnosis of
Injuries caused by sea animals.
3 . A latex is practical outwardly in a diagnosis of scabies, eczema as well as ringworm
10. Thespesia populnea Habali Tree 1.Oil remove is practical outwardly in box of corner pain.
2 . Bellow mush is burnished 2-3 times each day upon injuries caused by a leeches.
11. Cynometra iripa Singada Tree 1 . Seeds have been fully cooked as well as eaten to soothe highlight conditions.
2 . 2/3 creatively picked up grown seed taken orally with small sugarine 2 times a day enemy 3 days cures amoebic dysentery.
12. Acanthus ilicifolius Harkanch Herb 1 . comfortable root mush is practical thrice each day for fifteen days in box of strident corner pains
2 . Base pulp churned with similarly amounts of koloth dal as well as aged jaggery is practical as a pulp in box of b a single fracture.
13. Porteresia coractata Dhanidhan Tree It is noticed as an preferred element for complicated bio-tech investigate in paddy in building resistant as well as medicinal varieties that can rejuvenate.
14. Ipomoea pescarpae Kansarilata Creeper Leaf harassment is used in a diagnosis of inflammation caused by a preserve fish.
CONCLUSION:
Diversity formed mangroves forests can be combined during each bay irrespective of a salinity of
water in a Bay of Bengal . However, a many critical cause for a expansion of a mangal
varieties of plants is a density of estuarine sand, smallest 2 feet as well as on top of is essential.
Selected references:
1 . Five Steps to Successful Ecological Replacement of Mangroves, Mangrove Action project/
Yayasan Akar Rumput laut, Apr 2006- Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2. Mangroves of Orissa, 1992 PROJECT SWARAJYA, Cuttack.
3. Pictorial Guide to Mangrove Flora of Bhitarkanika, 2004, Mangrove Timberland Multiplication, Govt . of Orissa.
4. Restoration of Mangrove medium, Lewis, R.R, ERDC TN-WRP-VN-RS-3.2, Oct 2000
5. Disused Shrimp Ponds as well as Mangrove Rehabilitation, Stevenson, N.J, R.R Lewis, as well as P.R . Burbridge, Wetlands International-Africa, Europe as well as Middle East, PO Box 7002, Droevendaalsesteeg, 3a, 6700
CA, Wageningen
6. , Nederland.
7. Principle of Successful Replacement of Shrimp Aquaculture Ponds Back to Mangrove Forests, Lewis, R.R as well as Marshall, M.J( 1997), programa/resumes, Convenciones de la Habana, Cuba.126.
8. Ecological Engeering for Successful government as well as replacement of Mangrove Forests, Lewis R.R., Ecological Engineering twenty-four( 2005) 403-418
* Authors, 1 to 5 Addresses : PPBSA, Ranipatna, BALASORE, Orissa, India,
Author 1- Telephone( 916782) 264867, Mobile:919437295838;e-Mail ID: drakpanigrahi@yahoo.com, as well as he wishes to share his knowledge with others who have been meddlesome in raising mangroves any where.
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